Composite metal wood club

ABSTRACT

A metal wood golf club head adapted for attachment to a shaft, comprising of a body portion and a crown portion, each portion constructed of a different density material. Combining a high-density material in the body portion, with a low-density material in the crown portion, creates an ultra-low center of gravity relative to the geometric face center, resulting in higher launch angles and spin rate ratios. The material for the crown portion is preferably a composite. A vibration dampening gasket is disposed between the ledge and lip sections of the body and crown respectively.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/243,374, filed on Oct. 1, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,553,242which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/938,883,filed on Nov. 13, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,664, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/510,791, filed onAug. 25, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,072, which is a divisional ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/799,118, filed on Mar. 12, 2004, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,214,142, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/428,061, filed on May 1, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No.7,029,403, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/551,771, filed on Apr. 18, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No.6,605,007. The disclosures of all the parent patent applications areincorporated herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved golf club head. Moreparticularly, the present invention relates to a golf club head with animproved striking face and improved shock absorption between the matingportions making up the body of the club head.

BACKGROUND

The complexities of golf club design are well known. The specificationsfor each component of the club (i.e., the club head, shaft, hosel, grip,and sub-components thereof) directly impact the performance of the club.Thus, by varying the design specifications, a golf club can be tailoredto have specific performance characteristics.

The design of club heads has long been studied. Among the more prominentconsiderations in club head design are loft, lie, face angle, horizontalface bulge, vertical face roll, face progression, face size, solecurvature, center of gravity, material selection, and overall headweight. While this basic set of criteria is generally the focus of golfclub engineering, several other design aspects must also be addressed.The interior design of the club head may be tailored to achieveparticular characteristics, such as the inclusion of hosel or shaftattachment means, perimeter weights on the face or body of the clubhead, and fillers within hollow club heads.

Golf club heads must also be strong to withstand the repeated impactsthat occur during collisions between the golf club and the golf ball.The loading that occurs during this transient event can accelerate thegolf ball to several orders of magnitude greater than gravity. Thus, theclub face and body should be designed to resist permanent deformation orcatastrophic failure by material yield or fracture. Conventional hollowmetal wood drivers made from titanium typically have a uniform facethickness exceeding 0.10 inch to ensure structural integrity of the clubhead.

Players generally seek a metal wood driver and golf ball combinationthat delivers maximum distance and landing accuracy. The distance a balltravels after impact may be dictated by variables including: themagnitude and direction of the ball's translational velocity; and, theball's rotational velocity or spin. Environmental conditions, includingatmospheric pressure, humidity, temperature, and wind speed, furtherinfluence the ball's flight. However, these environmental effects arebeyond the control of the golf equipment manufacturer. Golf ball landingaccuracy is driven by a number of factors as well. Some of these factorsare attributed to club head design, such as center of gravity and clubface flexibility.

The United States Golf Association (USGA), the governing body for therules of golf in the United States, has specifications for theperformance of golf balls. These performance specifications dictate thesize and weight of a conforming golf ball. One USGA rule limits the golfball's initial velocity after a prescribed impact to 250 feet per second±2% (or 255 feet per second maximum initial velocity). To achievegreater golf ball travel distance, ball velocity after impact and thecoefficient of restitution of the ball-club impact must be maximizedwhile remaining within this rule.

Generally, golf ball travel distance is a function of the total kineticenergy imparted to the ball during impact with the club head, neglectingenvironmental effects. During impact, kinetic energy is transferred fromthe club and stored as elastic strain energy in the club head and asviscoelastic strain energy in the ball. After impact, the stored energyin the ball and in the club is transformed back into kinetic energy inthe form of translational and rotational velocity of the ball, as wellas the club. Since the collision is not perfectly elastic, a portion ofenergy is dissipated in club head vibration and in viscoelasticrelaxation of the ball. Viscoelastic relaxation is a material propertyof the polymeric materials used in all manufactured golf balls.

Viscoelastic relaxation of the ball is a parasitic energy source, whichis dependent upon the rate of deformation. To minimize this effect, therate of deformation must be reduced. This may be accomplished byallowing more club face deformation during impact. Since metallicdeformation may be purely elastic, the strain energy stored in the clubface is returned to the ball after impact thereby increasing the ball'soutbound velocity after impact.

A variety of techniques may be utilized to vary the allowabledeformation of the club face, including uniform face thinning, thinnedfaces with ribbed stiffeners and varying thickness, among others. Thesedesigns should have sufficient structural integrity to withstandrepeated impacts without permanent deformation of the club face. Ingeneral, conventional club heads also exhibit wide variations in thecoefficient of restitution depending on the impact location on the faceof the club. Furthermore, the accuracy of conventional clubs is highlydependent on impact location.

It has been reported in F. Werner and R. Greig, “How Golf Clubs ReallyWorks and How to Optimize Their Designs”, Ch. 4, pp. 17-21 (2000) that atypical distribution of golf ball hits on the face of a driver clubfollows an elliptical pattern with its major axis orientating in adirection from high toe to low heel. The size of the hit distributiondepends on the handicap of the golfer. Players with low handicap havesmaller elliptical distribution and players with high handicap havelarger elliptical distribution. These authors also patented golf clubsthat have an elliptical outer hitting face that aligns in the directionof high toe to low heel. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,233, entitled “GolfClub Face for Drivers,” issued on Nov. 22, 1994. However, there is noteaching to align the coefficient of restitution of the golf club headto the ball impact pattern.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a golf club head adapted for attachmentto a shaft. The head includes a hitting face and a body. The hittingface is configured and dimensioned so that it includes at least an innerzone and a concentric intermediate zone. The inner zone has relativelyhigh flexural stiffness and the intermediate zone has lower flexuralstiffness. Preferably, the inner zone has a shape that comprises a majoraxis and a minor axis and the major axis aligns substantially in thedirection of high heel to low toe. The inner zone can have an ellipticalshape or a substantially parallelogram shape. The inner zone andintermediate zone may have same shape or different shape.

This arrangement of inner and intermediate zones forms an area ofrelatively high flexural stiffness in the direction of high heel to lowtoe, thereby creating high resilience in the direction of high toe tolow heel. In other words, this arrangement creates a gradient offlexural stiffness in the direction of high toe to low heel, andproduces a desirable effect of manipulating resilience or highercoefficient of restitution (COR) in that direction. This area ofimproved coefficient of restitution advantageously coincides with theball impact pattern that golfers typically make on the hitting face.

The inventive club head encompasses a measurement zone that exhibitshigh COR where the lowest COR is at least 93% of the peak COR withinthis measurement zone. The measurement zone is defined by a rectanglehaving the dimensions of 0.5 inch by 1.0 inch, and the COR values aremeasured at the corners of the rectangle, the mid-points of the sidesand the geometric center of the rectangle. The geometric center of themeasurement zone preferably coincides with the geometric center of theface of the club.

The above is accomplished by providing the inner zone with a firstflexural stiffness and the intermediate zone with a second flexuralstiffness. Flexural stiffness is defined as Young's modulus or elasticmodulus (E) times the zone's thickness (t) cubed or Et³. The firstflexural stiffness is substantially higher than the second flexuralstiffness. As a result, upon ball impact, the intermediate zone exhibitssubstantial elastic deformation to propel the ball.

In one embodiment, the first flexural stiffness is at least three timesthe second flexural stiffness. In other embodiments, the first flexuralstiffness is six to twelve times the second flexural stiffness. Morepreferably, the first flexural stiffness is greater than 25,000 lb-in.Most preferably, the first flexural stiffness is greater than 55,000lb-in. Preferably, the second flexural stiffness is less than 16,000lb-in. More preferably, the second flexural stiffness is less than10,000 lb-in.

Since the flexural stiffness is a function of material properties andthickness, the following techniques can be used to achieve thesubstantial difference between the first and second flexuralstiffness: 1) different materials can be used for each portion, 2)different thicknesses can be used for each portion, or 3) differentmaterials and thicknesses can be used for each portion.

The golf club head may further include a perimeter zone disposed betweenthe intermediate zone and the body of the club. In one embodiment, theperimeter zone has a third flexural stiffness that is at least two timesgreater than the second flexural stiffness

In the club heads discussed above, the inner, intermediate and optionalperimeter zones can have any shape that has a major axis and a minoraxis, such as elliptical, rhombus, diamond, other quadrilateral shapeswith one or more rounded corners and the like. The zones may also have asubstantially parallelogram shape. Furthermore, the club head innercavities can have a volume greater than about 100 cubic centimeters, andmore preferably a volume greater than about 300 cubic centimeters. Inother words, the club head in accordance to the present invention can beused in driver clubs and/or fairway clubs. In addition, the inner,intermediate, and perimeter zones can each have variable thickness.

Another feature of the present invention is locating the center ofgravity of the club head with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system.The origin of the Cartesian coordinate system preferably coincides withthe geometric center of the hitting face. The X-axis is a horizontalaxis positioned tangent to the geometric center of the hitting face withthe positive direction toward the heel of the club. The Y-axis isanother horizontal axis orthogonal to the X-axis with the positivedirection toward the rear of the club. The Z-axis is a vertical axisorthogonal to both the X-axis and Y-axis with the positive directiontoward the crown of the club. The center of gravity is preferablylocated behind and lower than the geometric center of the face.

In one preferred embodiment, the center of gravity is spaced from thegeometric center along the Z-axis by about −0.050 inch to about −0.150inch, and more preferably by about −0.110 inch. The center of gravity ispreferably spaced about ±0.050 inch, and more preferably about +0.015inch from the geometric center along the X-axis. The center of gravityis preferably spaced about +2.0 inches and more preferably about +1.35inches from the geometric center along the Y-axis.

The hitting face may comprise a face insert and a face support. The facesupport defines a cavity adapted to receive the face insert. The hittingface may further comprise at least one side wall, which can be a partialcrown portion or a partial sole portion. Preferably, the inner zone islocated on the face insert, and the intermediate zone may partially belocated on the face insert and partially on the face support.

Another aspect of the invention provides for a crown portion to becomposed of a material having a lower density than a body portion. Thematerial for the crown portion selected from such materials ascomposite, thermoplastic or magnesium, and preferably graphitecomposite. The crown portion having an inner surface layer integrallycomposed of a vibration dampening or acoustical attenuating material.One embodiment would include a titanium mesh material.

An embodiment of the invention includes a non-integral dampeningmaterial, juxtaposed between the body and crown portions.

A preferred embodiment would be a gasket juxtaposed between the body andthe crown portions

Yet still another embodiment of the invention is comprised of a body andlight weight crown with a vibration dampening gap there between. The gapis preferably filled with putty or other shock absorption material suchas a rubber based structural adhesive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred features of the present invention are disclosed in theaccompanying drawings, wherein similar reference characters denotesimilar elements throughout the several views, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a toe side, front, perspective view of an embodiment of a golfclub head of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a heel side, rear, perspective view of the golf club head ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a front, elevational view of the golf club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of the face of the golf club head ofFIG. 1 along line 3A-3A;

FIG. 3B shows a cross-sectional view the face of the golf club head ofFIG. 1 along line 3B-3B;

FIGS. 3C and 3D are alternative embodiments of FIGS. 3A and 3B,respectively;

FIG. 4 is a top view of the golf club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a bottom, perspective view of the golf club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of substantially parallelogram shaped theinner and intermediate zones;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the inner and intermediate zones withsubstantially parallelogram and elliptical shape;

FIG. 8 is a front, exploded view of another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 is a front, exploded view of another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 10( a)-10(c) illustrate the results from a comparative example,which compares iso-COR contour lines of conventional golf club head andof an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a top view of an embodiment of the invention wherein thecrown is composed of a composite material;

FIG. 12 a is a cross-section view of the crown portion attached to thelip section of the outer portion;

FIG. 12 b is a plan view showing the layer of titanium mesh materialintegral with the inner surface of the crown portion;

FIG. 12 c is a cross-section view of another embodiment of the crownportion wherein a titanium mesh ring is integral about the perimeteredge of the crown portion;

FIG. 12 d is a plan view showing a ring of titanium mesh about theperimeter edge of the crown portion;

FIG. 12 e is a cross-section view of an embodiment of the inventionwherein a gasket is disposed between the lip section of the outerportion and the crown portion;

FIG. 12 f is a plan view of the gasket of FIG. 12 e;

FIG. 12 g is a cross-section view of an embodiment of the inventionhaving a gap filled with a shock absorption material between the crownportion and lip section;

FIG. 12 h is a cross-section view of an embodiment of the inventionhaving an “L” shaped gasket composed of a shock absorption materialbetween the crown portion and lip section;

FIG. 12 i is a cross-section view of an embodiment of the inventionhaving a “Y” joint on the crown portion;

FIG. 12 j is a plan view of the inner side of the crown portion showingthe plurality of “Y” joints about the perimeter;

FIG. 13 is a schematic of the front face of an embodiment of theinvention depicting the location of the center of gravity;

FIG. 14 a is a front schematic depicting a 9 point spin variance acrossthe front face of an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 14 b is a front schematic depicting a 9 point spin variance acrossthe front face of a prior art club head.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to FIGS. 1-5, a first embodiment of a golf club head 10 of thepresent invention is shown. Club head 10 includes shell 12 with body 14,hitting face 16, toe portion 18, heel portion 20, sole plate 22, hosel24, bottom portion 26, crown portion 28, and rear portion 29. The soleplate 22 fits in a recess 30 (as shown in FIG. 5) in the bottom portion26 of body 14. The shell 12 and sole plate 22 create an inner cavity 31(as shown in FIG. 5). The hitting face 16 has an exterior surface 32 andan interior surface 34. The exterior surface 32 is generally smoothexcept for external grooves (which are omitted for clarity). Preferably,interior surface 34 has elevated or depressed areas to accommodate thevarying thickness of hitting face, as discussed below and shown in FIGS.3A-3D.

A golf club shaft (not shown) is attached at hosel 24 and is disposedalong a shaft axis SHA. The hosel may extend to the bottom of the clubhead or may terminate at a location between the top and bottom portionsof the head. The hosel can also terminate flush with the top portion orextend into the cavity within the head.

Inner cavity 31 of club head 10 may be empty, or alternatively may befilled with foam or other low specific gravity material. It is preferredthat the inner cavity 31 has a volume greater than 100 cubiccentimeters, and more preferably greater than 300 cubic centimeters. Inother words, the club head design in accordance to the present inventioncan be used with any driver club, as well as any fairway club.Preferably, the mass of the inventive club head is greater than 150grams but less than 250 grams.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3-3D, the face 16 includes an inner zone orportion 36, an intermediate zone or surrounding portion 38 adjacent theinner zone 36, and an optional perimeter zone or outer portion 40. Theintermediate zone 38 preferably surrounds inner zone 36, and theperimeter zone 40 preferably surrounds the intermediate zone 38. Theinner zone 36 is a contiguous zone located on the hitting face 16 andcontains a geometric center (“GC”) of the hitting face. As shown, innerzone 36 and its concentric zones have a generally elliptical shape witha major axis in the direction of high heel to low toe. As used herein,the term “ellipse” or “elliptical” refers to non-circular shapes thathave discernable major axis and minor axis, and include, but are notlimited to, any quadrilateral shapes, geometrical ellipses,quadrilateral shapes with one or more rounded corner(s) andunsymmetrical elliptical shapes. Also, the term “concentric” refers toshapes that substantially encircle or surround other shapes. The “majoraxis” is defined as the axis coinciding with the longest length that canbe drawn through the non-circular shapes without intersecting theperimeter of the shapes at more than two locations, i.e., at the startand end points of said length. The “minor axis” is orthogonal to themajor axis at or near its midpoint.

The major axis of inner portion 36 forms an angle, θ, with the shaftaxis, SHA. Preferably, angle θ is between about 10° to about 60°, morepreferably between about 20° and about 50°, and most preferably betweenabout 25° and about 45°. Additionally, the ratio of the length of themajor axis to the length of minor axis is preferably greater than 1.0and more preferably less than about 6.0.

Preferably, zones 36, 38 and 40 are concentric to each other withinhitting face 16. The inner zone 36 has a first thickness T₁. Theintermediate zone 38 has a second thickness T₂. The first thickness T₁is greater than the second thickness T₂. Typically, when the club headis cast, the perimeter zone 40 is thicker than the intermediate zone 38.Alternatively, the hitting face may also be forged. However, the presentinvention is not limited to any manufacturing technique. T₁ may rangefrom about 1.5 mm to about 7.5 mm and T₂ may range from about 0.8 mm toabout 3.0 mm. Preferably, the first thickness T₁ is equal to about oneand a half (1.5) times the thickness T₂ to about four (4) times thethickness T₂.

The thickness relationships between the zones 36, 38, and 40 areprovided so that a predetermined relationship exists between flexuralstiffness exhibited by each of the zones.

For clubs that have a hitting face made from a single material, such astitanium or titanium alloy, the area of highest thickness corresponds tothe portion with the highest flexural stiffness. Flexural stiffness (FS)of each portion is defined as:FS=E(t³),where:

E is the elastic modulus or Young's modulus of the material of theportion, and

t is the thickness of the portion.

Young's modulus of titanium is about 16.5×10⁶ lbs/in², and thickness istypically measured in inch. Hence, FS as used in this application hasthe unit of lb·in.

The inner zone 36 has a first flexural stiffness FS₁. The intermediatezone 38 has a second flexural stiffness FS₂. The perimeter zone 40 has athird flexural stiffness FS₃. The predetermined relationship between theportions is that the first flexural stiffness FS₁ is substantiallygreater than the second flexural stiffness FS₂, and the optional thirdflexural stiffness FS₃ is substantially greater than the second flexuralstiffness FS₂. Preferably, the first flexural stiffness FS₁ is at leastthree times greater than the second flexural stiffness FS₂, i.e.,(FS₁/FS₂)≧3. When the above ratio of flexural stiffness is less thanthree, the inner zone sustains excessive deformation during impact andaccuracy of the club is diminished. More preferably, the first flexuralstiffness FS₁ is about six (6) to twelve (12) times greater than thesecond flexural stiffness FS₂. Most preferably, the first flexuralstiffness FS₁ is about eight (8) times greater than the second flexuralstiffness FS₂. Preferably, the third flexural stiffness FS₃ is at leasttwo times greater than the second flexural stiffness FS₂, i.e.,(FS₃/FS₂)≧2.

Alternatively, the flexural stiffness, FS₁, FS₂ or FS₃, can bedetermined for two combined adjacent zones, so long as the preferredratio (FS₁/FS₂)≧3 or (FS₃/FS₂)≧2 is satisfied. For example, FS₁, can becalculated to include both zones 36 and 38, and FS₃ can be calculated toinclude both zones 38 and 40.

The thickness of the zones, T₁ and T₂, may be constant within the zoneas illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, or may vary within the zone asillustrated in FIGS. 3C and 3D. For the purpose of determining FS, whenthe thickness varies, a weighted average thickness is calculated. Thedetermination of FS when the thickness varies or when the material isanisotropic is fully discussed in the parent patent application, whichhas already been incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In club head 10 (as shown in FIGS. 3-3D), the above flexural stiffnessrelationships are achieved by selecting a certain material with aparticular elastic modulus and varying the thickness of the zones. Inanother embodiment, the flexural stiffness relationships can be achievedby varying the materials of the zones with respect to one another sothat the zones have different elastic moduli and the thickness ischanged accordingly. Thus, the thickness of the zones can be the same ordifferent depending on the elastic modulus of the material of each zone.It is also possible to obtain the required flexural stiffness ratiothrough the use of structural ribs, reinforcing plates, and thicknessparameters.

Quantitatively, it is preferred that the first flexural stiffness FS₁ isgreater than 25,000 lb-in. When the first flexural stiffness is lessthan 25,000 lb-in excessive deformation of the inner region can occurduring impact and accuracy is diminished. More preferably, the firstflexural stiffness FS₁ is greater than 55,000 lb-in. Preferably, thesecond flexural stiffness FS₂ is less than 16,000 lb-in. When the secondflexural stiffness is greater than 16,000 lb-in, the resultant ballvelocity is reduced. More preferably, the second flexural stiffness FS₂is less than 10,000 lb-in and, most preferably, less than 7,000 lb-in.

Referring to FIG. 3, it is preferred that inner zone 36 has an area thatis between about 15% and about 60% of the exterior surface area 32. Thepercentage of face area is computed by dividing the area of each zone36, 38, or 40 by the total face area of exterior surface 32. It shouldbe noted that the face area of exterior surface 32 is equivalent to thetotal area of zones 36, 38, and 40. When the inner zone 36 is less than15% of the total face area, then accuracy can be diminished. When innerportion 36 is greater than 60% of the face area 32, then the coefficientof restitution can be diminished.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the club head 10 is further formed so that acenter of gravity of the club head has a predetermined relationship withrespect to a Cartesian coordinate system with its center located onhitting face 16 and coincident with the geometric center GC of the face16. The hitting face 16 includes a vertical centerline VCL and ahorizontal centerline HCL perpendicular thereto. The geometric center(GC) of hitting face 16 is located at the intersection of centerlinesVCL and HCL. The VCL and HCL are co-linear with the X-axis and theZ-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, described below. Preferably,the GC of the inner zone 36 is spaced from the GC of hitting face 16 bya distance of less than about 0.10 inch, more preferably less than about0.05 inch and most preferably less than about 0.025 inch. The GC ofinner zone 36 may be coincident with the GC of hitting face 16. The GCof inner zone 36 can be defined as the intersection between the majoraxis and the minor axis of the zone.

The Cartesian coordinate system is defined as having the origincoincident with the geometric center of the hitting face. The hittingface is not a rectilinear plane, but due to the bulge and roll radii itis a curvilinear surface. The X-axis is a horizontal axis lying tangentto the geometric center of the hitting face with the positive directiontoward the heel of the club. The Y-axis is another horizontal axisorthogonal to the X-axis with the positive direction toward the rear ofthe club. The Z-axis is a vertical axis orthogonal to both the X-axisand Y-axis with the positive direction toward the crown of the club.

The center of gravity is preferably located both behind and lower thanthe geometric center of the face, when the club head is resting on aflat surface (i.e., at its natural loft). In one preferred embodiment,the center of gravity of club head 10 is spaced from the geometriccenter along the Z-axis between about −0.050 inch and about −0.150 inch,more preferably about −0.110 inch. The center of gravity is preferablyspaced about ±0.050 inch, more preferably about 0.015 inch, from thegeometric center along the X-axis. The center of gravity is preferablyspaced about 2.0 inches or less and more preferably about 1.35 inches orless from the geometric center along the Y-axis.

The center of gravity for the club head can be achieved by controllingthe configuration and dimensions of the club head in addition to addingpredetermined weights to the sole plate or to the club head. Other knownmethods of weight manipulation can be used to achieve the inventivecenter of gravity location as set forth above.

FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. Centralzone 36 has a generally parallelogram shape, such that the oppositesides are generally parallel and the angles formed between adjacentsides are rounded. More specifically, the acute angle α of central zone36 is preferably between 40° and 85°. Additionally, the major axis ofcentral zone 36, as shown, forms an angle β with the HCL, whichpreferably is between 5° and 45°. The major axis is the line connectingthe two acute angles of the parallelogram. Similar to the embodimentsdisclosed above, intermediate zone 38 surrounds central zone 36, and therelative thickness and ratio of FS between zone 36 and zone 38 followthe relationships discussed above.

As shown in FIG. 7, central zone 36 can be an ellipse while intermediatezone 38 can have a generally parallelogram shape. Conversely, centralzone 36 can have a generally parallelogram shape, while intermediatezone 38 can be an ellipse. Furthermore, as illustrated intermediate zone38 may have varying width.

In accordance to another aspect of the present invention, hitting face16 may comprise a face insert 42 and face support 44, as shown in FIG.8. In this embodiment, hitting face 16 is delineated from crown 28, toe18, sole 22 and heel 20 by parting line 46. Central zone 36 ispreferably disposed on the back side of face insert 42, and, as shown,has a generally parallelogram shape. Intermediate zone 38, designated as38 ₁ and 38 ₂, can be disposed partially on face insert 42 and partiallyon face support 44. A transition zone 37 having variable thickness isdisposed between central zone 36 and intermediate zone 38. Preferably,the thickness of central zone 36 is reduced to the lesser thickness ofintermediate zone 38 within transition zone 37. This reduces any localstress-strain caused by impacts with golf balls due to abrupt changes inthickness. Face support 44 defines hole 48, which is bordered by rim 50.Face insert 42 can be attached to face support 44 by welding at oraround rim 50. For the purpose of determining the FS ratio for thisembodiment, the FS₁ of the inner zone includes both zone 36 and zone 37.

In accordance to another aspect of the invention, the face insert mayinclude one or more side walls, wherein the side walls may form part ofthe crown and/or part of the sole. As shown in FIG. 9, face insert 52comprises central zone 36, transition zone 37, a portion of intermediatezone 38, partial crown portion 54 and partial sole portion 56. Club head10 correspondingly defines cavity 58 sized and dimensioned to receiveface insert 52. Face insert 52 is preferably welded to club head 10.Face insert 52 together with face support 60 forms hitting face 16.Similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, intermediate zone 38,designated as 38 ₁ and 38 ₂, can be disposed partially on face insert 52and partially on face support 60.

EXAMPLE

In this example, hitting face 16 has the following construction. Thecentral zone 36 has a substantially parallelogram shape, as shown inFIG. 10( a), with a major axis measuring about 3 inches and a minor axisabout 0.75 inches with a thickness T₁, of about 0.120 inch. The centralzone 36 has a concentric transition zone 37 with a similar shape as thecentral zone 36. The intermediate zone 38 surrounds the central andtransition zones with a thickness T₂ of 0.080 inch and comprises theremainder of the face hitting area. There is no perimeter zone 40included in this example. The major axis of zone 36 substantiallycoincides with the major axis of zone 38, and these two major axes formangle theta (θ) of about 50° with the shaft axis. Furthermore, zones 36and 37 comprise about 18% of the total face surface area. A singlehomogeneous material, preferably a titanium alloy, with a Young'smodulus (E) of approximately 16.5×10⁶ lbs/in² is used. In this example,the (FS1/FS2) ratio is 3.4 when FS1 includes both zones 36 and 37 andFS2 includes zone 38.

The test results were generated using computational techniques, whichinclude finite element analysis models. In the computer model, thefollowing assumptions were made: club head loft of 9°; club head mass of195 grams; and club head material is 6AL-4V titanium alloy. The golfball used in the model was a two-piece solid ball. Finite element modelswere used to predict ball launch conditions and a trajectory model wasused to predict distance and landing area. The impact condition used forclub coefficient of restitution (COR) tests was consistent with the USGARules for Golf, specifically, Rule 4-1e Appendix II Revision 2 datedFeb. 8, 1999.

Distributions of coefficient of restitution (COR) are shown in FIGS. 10(b) and 10(c). The lines indicate contour lines, similar to the contourlines in topography maps or weather maps, and indicate lines of constantCOR (hereinafter iso-COR lines). The innermost contour line indicatesthe highest COR region on the hitting face and outer contour linesindicate lower COR regions on the hitting face. FIG. 10( b) representsthe iso-COR contours for a conventional club having a hitting face withuniform thickness, and FIG. 10( c) represents the iso-COR contours ofthe inventive club described in this Example.

COR or coefficient of restitution is one way of measuring ballresiliency. COR is the ratio of the velocity of separation to thevelocity of approach. In this model, therefore, COR was determined usingthe following formula:(v_(club-post)−v_(ball-post))/(v_(ball-pre)−v_(club-pre))where,

-   -   v_(club-post) represents the velocity of the club after impact;    -   v_(ball-post) represents the velocity of the ball after impact;    -   v_(club-pre) represents the velocity of the club before impact        (a value of zero for USGA COR conditions); and    -   v_(ball-post) represents the velocity of the ball before impact.

COR, in general, depends on the shape and material properties of thecolliding bodies. A perfectly elastic impact has a COR of one (1.0),indicating that no energy is lost, while a perfectly inelastic orperfectly plastic impact has a COR of zero (0.0), indicating that thecolliding bodies did not separate after impact resulting in a maximumloss of energy. Consequently, high COR values are indicative of greaterball velocity and distance.

The iso-COR contour lines generated by the computational analysis areshown within a rectangle having dimensions of 0.5 inch by 1.0 inch, astypically used in the art. Within this rectangle, the inventive clubhead exhibits relatively high and substantially uniform COR values. TheCOR values are measured at nine points within this rectangle, i.e., thecorners of the rectangle, mid-points of the sides and the geometriccenter of the rectangle. Additionally, the geometric center of thisrectangular measurement zone preferably coincides with the geometriccenter of the hitting face of the club. In this example, the lowest CORwithin this measurement zone is 0.828 and the peak COR is 0.865.According to the present invention, the lowest COR is within 93% of thepeak COR. This advantageously produces a hitting face with asubstantially uniform COR and large “sweet spot.”

The iso-COR contour lines of the conventional club shown in FIG. 10( b)follow a substantially elliptical pattern. Furthermore, the center ofthe innermost iso-COR contour line, which has the highest COR value, isoffset from the geometric center of the rectangular measurement zone,indicating a reduction in COR. The major axis of these contour lines issubstantially horizontal.

The iso-COR contour lines for the inventive club also follow anelliptical pattern, and as shown in FIG. 10 (c), the major axis of thepattern does not coincide with the horizontal center line, HCL, of thehitting face. The test results indicate that the major axis of theiso-COR pattern makes an angle, delta (δ), with the HCL. The angle δ isat least 5°, and more preferably at least 7° in the direction from hightoe to low heel. While the major axis of central zone 36 with thehighest FS runs substantially from high heel to low toe, the major axisof the iso-COR contours runs substantially in a different direction,i.e., from high toe to low heel, which advantageously coincides with thetypical hit distribution that golfers make on the hitting face,discussed above. Furthermore, the center of the innermost iso-CORcontour line is closer to the geometrical center of the rectangularmeasurement zone, indicating a higher peak COR value.

Without being limited to any particular theory, the inventors of thepresent invention observe that when an elliptical area of high thicknessor high FS is present at or near the center of the hitting face withareas of less thickness or lower FS surrounding it, the iso-COR contourlines generally form an elliptical shape where the major axis of theiso-COR contours forms an angle with the major axis of the areas of highthickness or high FS. This arrangement of inner and intermediate zonesforms a zone of relatively high flexural stiffness in the direction ofhigh heel to low toe thereby creating high resilience in the directionof high toe to low heel. In other words, this arrangement creates agradient of flexural stiffness in the direction of high toe to low heeland produces a desirable effect of manipulating resilience or highercoefficient of restitution (COR) in that direction. This area ofimproved coefficient of restitution advantageously coincides with theball impact pattern that golfers typically make on the hitting face.

As shown is FIG. 11, a club head embodiment of the invention is depictedhaving a club head 10, which includes a body portion 60, a compositecrown portion 61, and a hosel 24 for attaching to a shaft (not shown).The body portion 60 comprises an outer portion 40 that includes a lipsection 63, as shown in FIGS. 12 a, c, e, g, h, and i. The transversesurfaces of the lip section 63 define a cutout 65. As shown in FIG. 12a, the crown portion 61 attaches to the first body portion 60 by anouter ledge section 62 being attached to the lip section 63. The outerledge section 62 substantially forms a perimeter edge of the crownportion 61. An inventive aspect of the present invention is theinclusion of a shock absorption layer 66 integral with the inner surface64 of the crown portion 61. For an embodiment shown in FIG. 12 a, theshock absorption layer 66 covers substantially the entire inner surface64 of the crown portion 61, as depicted by FIG. 12 b. This shockabsorption layer 66 is preferably composed of titanium mesh material.Although the crown portion is shown herein as only encompassing thecrown of the club head 10, it is appreciated that it could also includeparts of the skirt or hosel sections of the club head 10. The crownportion 61 may be cast, formed, injection molded, machined or pre-pregsheet formed.

The density range for crown portion 61 is from about 0.1 g/cc to 4.0g/cc. Preferably the crown portion 61 may be formed from materials suchas magnesium, graphite composite, a thermoplastic, but the preferredmaterial for the crown portion 61 is graphite composite. Preferably, thecrown portion 61 has a thickness in the range of about 0.1 mm to about1.5 mm, and more preferably less than about 1.0 mm.

An embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 12 c and 12 d. In thisembodiment, the titanium mesh layer 66 is integral with the innersurface 64 of the crown portion 61 is in the shape of a ring, such thatit is juxtaposed the outer ledge 62 and the lip section 63.

Another embodiment of the invention is described on FIGS. 12 e and 12 f,wherein, the shock absorption material is a separate gasket 67, and isdisposed between the outer ledge section 62 and the lip section 63.Other materials, such as a viscoelastic material or an aluminum foil,may be substituted in lieu of the titanium gasket.

Another way to dampen vibrations according to the invention is shown inFIG. 12 g, wherein a gap 68 is created between the transverse surfacesof the body portion 60 and the crown portion 61. In FIG. 12 g, this gap68 has a substantially rectangular shape, while in FIG. 12 h, anL-shaped gap 69, creates the bond between the transverse surfaces.However, both are preferably filled with a shock absorbing material suchas putty or a rubber based structural adhesive, such as those providedby PPG Industries, Inc. under the trade name CORABOND®HC7707.

The materials for forming the body portion 60 may be stainless steel,pure titanium or a titanium alloy. The more preferred material comprisestitanium alloys, such as titanium 6-4 alloy, which comprises 6% aluminumand 4% vanadium. The body portion 60 may be manufactured through castingwith a face insert, or formed portions with a face insert. The faceinsert is made by casting, machining sheet metal or forming sheet metal.Another embodiment can be created by forming a wrapped face, fromforging, stamping, powdered metal forming, or metal-injection molding.

Tests were conducted on each of two golf clubs of the present invention.The only physical difference between the two clubs was that one of theclubs was manufactured with the shock absorption layer 66, as shown inFIGS. 12 a and 12 b, and the other club was made without any such shockabsorption layer. Identical shaft specifications were used for both testclubs, and the ball was a Pinnacle Gold, as manufactured by Titleist®.Test data taken over a frequency range of 3,000 to 12,000 Hz indicatedswing speed is a variable in the percentage of dampening that wasachieved. At a swing speed of 90 mph, the noise was dampened between arange of about 28% to 50% over a frequency range of about 3800 Hz to10,000 Hz, while at a swing speed of 105 mph the noise was dampenedabout 20% to 32% over the same Hz range.

An embodiment of the invention provides an improvement in the percentageof club area relative to the head volume. With the composite crownportion 61 being considerably lighter than titanium, weight is removedfrom the crown and may then be redistributed into weight inserts in thebody and face. The weight relocation helps to position the center ofgravity lower. As seen in FIG. 13, an embodiment of the presentinvention provides a club head with the center of gravity locatedbetween 50 to 55% of the face height with a face area greater than 50cm². The combination of shaft characteristics with the present inventionprovides for dynamic results. The shaft used in the embodiment is alightweight rayon Model SL-45, as manufactured by Mitsubishi. It has aweight that is less than 50 grams and preferably less than 48 grams. Theshaft torque is greater than about 3.5° and preferably greater thanabout 4°. The shaft tip stiffness is less than 900 cpm and greater than600 cpm as measured 320 mm from the tip. The face is closed at an anglegreater than 1°, preferably 2°, and the face has an effective hittingarea greater than 7.0 in² and preferably greater than 7.25 in².Combining this center of gravity location with the ultra-light shaftdesign and low tip stiffness, a high right to left trajectory ispromoted with increased swing speed. The lower center of gravitypromotes a high launch, a larger head size yields a higher moment ofinertia, and the larger face area allows for more forgiveness.

As suggested above, FIG. 13 shows the position of the center of gravityas it relates to face height for the King Cobra 454 COMP driver asmanufactured by The Acushnet Company and depicts a face area of 48.4cm², overall club weight of 290 (with a Mitsubishi Rayon SL-45 shafthaving a weight of 45 grams, and a length of 45.5″). The magnitude ofthe effective hitting area of the King Cobra 454 COMP golf club is shownin FIGS. 14 a and 14 b. The effective hitting area of the King Cobra 454is about 7.5 in² versus an effective hitting area of about 5.0 in² foran ERC Fusion golf club, as manufactured by the Callaway Golf Company ofCarlsbad, Calif.

A significant performance criteria in the design of a golf club is theclub's “forgiveness” or its ability to provide near optimum hitting forgolf hits that are not struck right on the perfect “sweet spot” of theclub. The “sweet spot” of a golf club is usually referred to as thatspot on the club face wherein maximum Coefficient of Restitution isobtained. The golf club of the present invention provides a “sweet zone”or nine (9) points across the club face, in which the club will delivernear maximum COR, at not just one particular point on the club face, butat any point within the sweet zone.

FIGS. 14 a and 14 b make a 9 point comparison of the club faces of amodel 454 Cobra versus the ERC Fusion club of Callaway Golf Company. Thespin of the golf ball coming off the club face is an important parameterand in a perfect situation, the spin would be the same for the entireclub face. In the design of a club face, having a minimum variance ofspin across a large area of the face is a highly desired performancecharacteristic. The performance data shown on FIGS. 14 a and 14 b arebased on striking the golf ball at an 11° launch angle and a club speedof 90 mph. The spin imparted to the ball coming off the King Cobra 454face is much higher across the entire face (average spin of 2375 rpm)than that of the ERC Fusion club (average spin of 2070 rpm), thevariance across the “sweet zone” of the King Cobra 454 club is only 475rpm to 850 rpm for the ERC Fusion club. This demonstrates a club facethat will consistently yield shots more consistent over a greatersurface area.

While various descriptions of the present invention are described above,it should be understood that the various features of each embodiment canbe used alone or in any combination thereof. Therefore, this inventionis not to be limited to only the specifically preferred embodimentsdepicted herein. Further, it should be understood that variations andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention may occur tothose skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. For example,the face and/or individual zones can have thickness variations in astep-wise or continuous fashion. Other modifications include a perimeterzone that has a thickness that is greater than or less than theadjacent, intermediate zone. In addition, the shapes of the central,intermediate, and perimeter zones are not limited to those disclosedherein. Accordingly, all expedient modifications readily attainable byone versed in the art from the disclosure set forth herein that arewithin the scope and spirit of the present invention are to be includedas further embodiments of the present invention. The scope of thepresent invention is accordingly defined as set forth in the appendedclaims.

1. A golf club head comprising: a face portion including an inner zoneand an intermediate zone surrounding said inner zone, said inner zonehaving a relatively high flexural stiffness compared to saidintermediate zone; and a body portion connected to said face portion,wherein said inner zone has a generally elliptical shape with a majoraxis and a minor axis wherein said major axis aligns substantially in adirection of high heel to low toe, wherein said face portion contains asweet zone encompassing said inner zone and said intermediate zone, andwherein no point within said sweet zone may have a COR that is 93% lessthan a maximum COR.
 2. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein said sweetzone encompasses only said inner zone and said intermediate zone.
 3. Thegolf club head of claim 2, wherein said intermediate zone is concentricwith said inner zone.
 4. The golf club head of claim 3, wherein saidinner zone and said intermediate zone creates a gradient of flexuralstiffness in said direction of high toe to low heel.
 5. The golf clubhead of claim 4, wherein said inner zone contains a geometric centerthat approximately coincides with a geometric center of said faceportion.
 6. The golf club head of claim 5, wherein said high flexuralstiffness of said inner zone is greater than approximately twice saidflexural stiffness of said intermediate zone.
 7. The golf club head ofclaim 4, wherein said sweet zone encompassing said inner zone and saidintermediate zone encompasses approximately 15% to approximately 60% ofsaid face portion.
 8. The golf club head of claim 4, further comprisinga shaft having a shaft axis concentric said shaft, wherein said innerzone and said intermediate zone are non-circular, and wherein said minoraxis is oriented orthogonal to said major axis such that said major axisforms an angle of between 10 degrees and 60 degrees with said shaftaxis.
 9. The golf club head of claim 8, wherein said angle is between 20degrees and 50 degrees.
 10. The golf club head of claim 9, wherein saidangle is between 25 degrees and 45 degrees.
 11. A golf club headcomprising: a face portion including an inner zone and an intermediatezone surrounding said inner zone, said inner zone having a relativelyhigh flexural stiffness such that a measurement zone, defined by aperimeter of said intermediate zone with a geometric center thatcoincides with a geometric center of said face portion, has a lowest CORthat is at least 93 percent of maximum COR; a body portion formed of amaterial having a first density; a crown portion formed of a secondmaterial having a second density that is less than said first density,such that said club head has a center of gravity that is located below ahorizontal plane containing said geometric center of said face portion;and a dampening layer juxtaposed between said body portion and saidcrown portion for acoustical attenuation between a frequencies of 3800Hz and 10,000 Hz.
 12. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein no pointwithin said measurement zone may have a COR that is 93% less than amaximum COR.
 13. The golf club head of claim 12, wherein said inner zonehas a generally elliptical shape, with a major axis that alignssubstantially in a direction of high heel to low toe.
 14. The golf clubhead of claim 13, wherein said inner zone and said intermediate zoneencompasses approximately 15% to approximately 60% of said face portion.15. The golf club head of claim 14, further comprising a shaft having ashaft axis concentric said shaft, wherein said inner zone and saidintermediate zone are non-circular containing a major axis and a minoraxis, and wherein said minor axis is oriented orthogonal to said majoraxis such that said major axis forms an angle of between 10 degrees ad60 degrees with said shaft axis.
 16. The golf club head of claim 15,wherein said angle is between 20 degrees and 50 degrees.
 17. The golfclub head of claim 16, wherein said angle is between 25 degrees and 45degrees.
 18. A golf club head comprising: a face portion including aninner zone and an intermediate zone surrounding said inner zone, saidinner zone having a relatively high flexural stiffness compared to saidintermediate zone; a body portion connected to said face portion, and ashaft having a shaft axis concentric said shaft; wherein said faceportion contains a sweet zone encompassing said inner zone and saidintermediate zone, wherein said sweet zone encompasses approximately 15%to approximately 60% of said face portion, wherein no point within saidsweet zone may have a COR that is 93% less than a maximum COR whereinsaid inner zone and said intermediate zone are non-circular, and whereinsaid minor axis is oriented orthogonal to said major axis such that saidmajor axis forms an angle of between 10 degrees and 60 degrees with saidshaft axis.
 19. The golf club head of claim 18, wherein said bodyportion further comprises: a crown portion formed of a second materialhaving a second density that is less than said first density, such thatsaid club head has a center of located below a horizontal planecontaining a geometric center of said face portion; and a dampeninglayer juxtaposed between said body portion and said crown portion foracoustical attenuation between a frequencies of 3800 Hz and 10,000 Hz.20. The golf club head of claim 19, wherein said inner zone contains ageometric center that approximately coincides with said geometric centerof said face portion.